Awareness about anticancer fruits: a questionnaire based study

Cancers have been the leading cause of death worldwide and poor diet and physical inactivity are major risk factors in cancer-related deaths. Cancer caused over 8 million deaths worldwide in 2013 and has moved from the third leading cause of death in 1990 to the second leading cause behind cardiovascular disease in 2013. Aim of this study was to assess the base line knowledge of Dental Graduates about the anti-cancer dietary components with the aim that their knowledge will have an impact on the awareness of the community. The study was conducted through a 18 instrument questionnaire on a sample consisted of sixty four dental graduates [24 males and 40 females] from University College of Dentistry, The University of Lahore. Awareness regarding different fruits that can have anticancer effect was assessed through the questionnaire. Dental graduates were aware of the fact that different fruits have an anticancer effect thus should be included in the diet however, it was important to note that only 61.33% dental graduates were aware of the fact that citrus fruits exhibit anti carcinogenic activity. Moreover in this study 40%, 55.67% and 50.33% dental graduates considered straw berries, rasp berries and blue berries respectively exhibiting anti-carcinogenic effect. Awareness level of dental graduates regarding role of berry fruit as anti-carcinogen was limited. This study concludes that though base line knowledge about anti-cancer diet was there but further anticancer diet awareness surveys and programs are needed. This may help in changing the dietary habits and thus may help in reducing the increasing incidence of cancers

Nasal morphology assessed through powel's triangle in patients with convex profile

It can safely be said that nose has a great impact on the facial appearance of a person. An orthodontist must keep this consideration in mind while planning treatment. Too big or too small nose can be camouflaged by tooth movements. If the prominence and length of the nose is acceptable to the patient, it must be made sure that it remains the same way even after the orthodontic treatment. Moreover some orthodontic procedures like Rapid Palatal Expansion, face mask therapy, extractions and orthognathic surgery has an effect on the nasal morphology. Aim of this study is thus to assess nasal morphology in patients with convex profile using Powel's Aesthetic Triangle, with the objective that this will help in planning the orthodontic cases better. The study was conducted on lateral profile photographs of thirty five patients at university College of Dentistry, The University of Lahore. All reported patients, ages twelve and above, who had retrognathic profile on visualization were selected irrespective of their sex and their nasal morphology was assessed by Powell's Aesthetic Triangle. In patients with retrognathic profile and the Dental Class II div 1 Nasomental angle was found to be decreased 119 +/- 2.28, Naso-frontal angle was found to be increased 141.70 +/- 6.06 and Naso-facial angle was found to be similar 36.46 +/- 3.05 to the values in patient with orthognathic profile. In patients with retrognathic profile a decrease in nasomental angle, an increase in naso-frontal angle and comparable nasofacial angle were recorded

Correlation between salivary glucose level and gingivitis in patients with diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes has been linked with an increased risk of gingivitis and periodontal disease. Patients with periodontal disease and/or diabetes show differences in the profile of constituents in whole saliva. This profile reflects the nature and amplitude of the host response to a periodontal microbial challenge and /or response to diabetes mellitus. To compare gingival health between control group and patients with type I Diabetes and to assess whether there is any association between gingivitis/periodontitis and salivary glucose level. Study was conducted on 90 subjects; 30 control and 60 diabetics. Gingival and periodontal status was assessed for both the groups clinically. Then un-stimulated whole saliva samples from diabetics and control group were collected stored and frozen at -20°C. Saliva samples were then thawed, centrifuged and its supernatant portion was analyzed by Dimension Clinical Chemistry System for Salivary glucose levels. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that gingivitis was statistically significantly higher among the type I diabetic patients when compared with the control group p < 0.05. It was concluded that gingival health was compromised in diabetic children. It was also concluded that salivary glucose levels were higher in the patients with type I as compared to control group

survey on cross infection hazards associated with dental impression recording

Infection control ideology, disinfection/ sterilization protocols and cross infection control has been a baseline requirement for every invasive procedure. Dental Impression recording a pre-requisite for all dental procedures could be a source of cross infection if the protocols are not known, understood, accepted or followed. Aim of this study was thus to assess through a questionnaire the base line knowledge of dental students and dental graduates regarding infection control measurements associated with dental impression recording. A total of 78 House surgeons and Final Year students who consented were included in the study. The filled a valid questionnaire identifying the Dental Impression recording related cross infection issues. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical evaluation. It was inferred that 66.7% of study group felt that metallic impression trays and another 13% felt that disposable impression trays should be used to prevent cross contamination. It was an important finding that 93.6% of study group was aware of appropriate need of disposal of disposable impression trays however method of disposal were different. 100% study group was sending the impression out after washing or disinfecting them which were an incredible finding, however they should be encouraged for disinfection of impression. It was thus inferred from the results that though students and graduate are well aware of infection control procedures and are following them however structured infection control standards teaching can improve standard further

Awareness regarding screening of oral cancers in young dental graduate

Oral cancer is an ideal cancer to identify early by screening. Dentists can play a critical role in the early diagnosis of oral cancers. Because oral and pharyngeal cancers can be recognized at an earliest stage by visual and tactile examination, dentists are one of the most likely groups of health care practitioners who have a key role in counseling patients regarding early detection of oral cancer. Assessment of the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of dental health care workers regarding oral cancer is thus important and it is vital to train such professionals in oral cancer risk, prevention and control measures, and detection procedures. The aim of this study was thus to investigate the oral cancer awareness of dentist at Lahore dental schools by assessing knowledge and attitude about oral cancer risk factors. This cross-sectional survey was conducted between September to October 2011 by self-administered questionnaires among a random sample of 75 young dentists of dental institutes of Lahore. Questionnaires were then entered in the SPSS and quantitative e qualitative data was analyzed. Though dentists were aware of risk factors associated with oral cancers and understand the importance of screening in early diagnosis as shown by this study but more education was needed in dental schools, postgraduate programs and continuing education programs to enhance dental professionals' knowledge of Oral Cancer risk factors and diagnostic concepts. Such programs should include information about adjunctive diagnostic aids as well

Social barriers towards orthodontic treatment need

In the recent past, though number of patients requiring orthodontic treatment has significantly increased but at the same time parents / patients have certain social constraints such as age, gender bias, poor socio-economic status, nature of job, importance of orthodontic treatment need, treatment time, number of dental surgery visits, associated pain and discomfort, aesthetics during treatment, extraction need and orthognathic surgery need, which refrain parents / patients from undergoing orthodontic treatment and at times considerable counseling is needed. Aim of this study was to find out the common barriers towards orthodontic treatment. A total of 250 physically and mentally healthy participants' age 18-45 years were included in this study. These patients filled a consent form and a valid questionnaire identifying barriers towards orthodontic treatment. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical evaluation. It was inferred from the results that in third world countries like Pakistan specially in private setup medical / dental institutions, major constrains towards orthodontic treatment were poor socioeconomic status, nature of job not allowing repeated visits / long duration, long duration in case of females due to marriage age, extraction need and orthognatic surgery need

Mesiodistal dimension of maxillary anterior teeth: their clinical implications

The size and form of the maxillary anterior teeth are important in achieving pleasing dental and facial esthetics1, 2 However, little scientific data have been defined as criteria for evaluating these. morphological features. Purpose of this study was to determine mesio-distal dimension of six maxillary anterior teeth at two different points i.e. from contact point to contact point and from mesio-labioincisal point angle to disto-labio-incisal point angle so that excellence in treatment can be achieved. Gypsum casts of 100 full dentate Pakistani adult [14-36 years] representing, with well aligned maxillary anterior teeth and minimal attrition were included in this study. Following conclusions were drawn: 1] Mesio-distal dimensions of six anterior maxillary teeth at two different areas i.e. measured from contact point to contact point [mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors [R and L] 8.70+0.53 and 8.71+0.53 respectively, maxillary lateral incisors [R and L] 7.00+0.62 and 7.04+0.66 respectively and maxillary canine [R and L] 7.84+0.51 and 7.82+0.51] and measured from mesio-labio-incisal point angle to disto-labio-incisal point angle [mesiodistal width of maxillary central incisors [R and L] 8.10+0.52 and 8.10+0.53 respectively, maxillary lateral incisors [R and L] 6.46+0.61 and 6.53+0.62 respectively and maxillary canine [R and L] 6.97+0.48 and 6.95+0.52] respectively was established as an aid for appropriate diagnosis and treatment out come in different domains of dentistry. 2] Statistically significant correlation existed for each pair between right side anterior maxillary teeth and left side anterior maxillary teeth

Cephalometric features for maxillary incisors sagital position / inclination in class II DIV 1

One of the chief concerns of patients reporting for orthodontic treatment is unacceptable Maxillary Incisor position in sagital plane on underlying Skeletal Class II 1, 2. The purpose of the this study was. To find cephalometric features for Maxillary Incisor Sagital Position / Inclination in Class II div 1 cases on Skeletal Class II basis and to establish correlation among various parameters used to assess the Maxillary Incisor Sagital Position / Inclination. Study was conducted on 50 patients and following conclusions were drawn: 1] Statistically significant increased Maxillary Incisor sagital inclination and position as assessed by

Dental caries and diabetes mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus has been linked with increased incidence of dental caries. Aim of this study was to compare caries incidence between control group and diabetic patients and to assess whether there is any association between dental caries and salivary glucose level and salivary calcium levels. Study was conducted on 60 subjects; 30 control and 30 diabetics. DFT [Decayed Filled Teeth Score] was assessed for both the groups clinically. Then un-stimulated whole saliva samples from diabetics and control group were collected, stored and frozen at -20C. Saliva samples were then defrosted, centrifuged and their supernatant portion were analyzed by Dimension Clinical Chemistry System for Salivary glucose and calcium levels. SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that DFT score was higher among the diabetic patients [2.49] when compared with the control group [0.53]. It was also concluded that salivary glucose levels were higher and salivary calcium levels were lower in the diabetic patients as compared to control group

Assessment of antero-posterior position of lips: E-line- S-line

In cephalometric and photographic analysis, several reference lines have been used to assess anteroposterior position of the upper and lower lips: E-Line and S-Line being the most commonly used reference lines Aim of this study was to find out the antero-posterior position of lips on photograph using E-line and S-line in patients with orthognathic profile and to establish correlation between lip prominence judged by E-Line and S-Line. The study was conducted on 90 subjects, with orthognathic profile as judged in consensus by orthodontist, prosthodontist, Oral Surgeon, Oral Pathologist and General Dentist and confirmed by lateral cephalogram [ANB 0-4°, Wits Value 0,-lmm] with age range of 12-30 years. E-Line and S-Line were drawn on photograph to assess the prominence of upper Lip and lower lip. SPSS 16.0 was used for statistical evaluation. Antero-posterior position of upper and lower lip with reference to E-line was -7.9+3.33 mm -0.4+3.24 mm respectively and Antero-posterior position of upper and lower lip with reference to S-line was 3.72+2.85 mm and 1.18+3.23 mm respectively. Moreover statistically significant correlation was found r-0.509 between Upper lip to E-Line and Upper Lip to S-Line andm r= 0.861 between Lower lip to E-Line and Lower lip to S-Line

Patient perception regarding impact of orthodontic treatment

The objective of this study was to assess the orthodontic treatment need and outcome expectations among patients and to assess whether their expectations were realistic or unrealistic. A total of 200 physically and mentally healthy participants age 12-30 years were included in this study. These patients filled a consent form and valid questionnaire measure of orthodontic treatment need and outcome expectations. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical evaluation. It was concluded that Patients perception regarding orthodontic treatment need varies from no treatment [4%] need to strong treatment need [18.5%]. Majority of the patients [60%] however felt significant treatment is needed. 56.6% patients themselves were concerned about their self being and felt that orthodontic treatment would improve their dento-facial concerns while 49.5% patients felt treatment need necessary but pressures from society was additional reason. 3% surly have unachievable aesthetic expectations from treatment. Out of 31.5% patients who wanted sufficiently good treatment at the end of treatment 10% were unattainable. 7%patients had unrealistic expectations, 33%patients had realistic expectations but were demanding while 60% patients had realistic expectations from treatment

Soft tissue profile of a Pakistani sample with class I occlusion

Comprehensive soft tissue analysis is an important component of cephalometric analysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate soft tissue profile of Pakistani adults with Class I occlusion. It was a prospective cross-sectional study, carried out at the Department of Orthodontics, de,Montmorency Institute of Dental Sciences/Punjab Dental Hospital, Lahore. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken of 50 selected Pakistanis [25 males and 25 females] within age range 18 through 23 years having normal occlusion. The database were developed in SPSS 10.0 for Windows. The results showed that the Pakistani sample had proclined lower incisors, a convex profile with lesser value of Z-angle. It was concluded that soft tissue profile of an individual depends on age, gender and ethnic group of that individual

Prevalence of crossbite in orthodontic patients

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of cross bite in patients reporting for orthodontic treatment. Pretreatment study casts of 100 patients were selected from the model store of the Orthodontics Department .Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Lahore. SPSS [10.0] was used to analyze the data. 24% of the patients had cross bite. Of these 25% were male patients while 75% were female patients

Co-relation between ANB angle, Wits value and SNP plane angle

ANB angle and Wits value are used to asses the Sagital pattern of the patient cephalometrically. The two variables are dependent on change in theAntero-posterior and vertical position of Point A. SNP plane angle determines the rotation change in position of Palatal plane with reference to SN plane. This rotational change might have an impact on the position of point A and thus the ANB angle and Wits value. Aim of the study was to establish correlation between ANB, Wits Value and SNP plane angle. Study was conducted on 60 subjects and following conclusions were drawn. 1. Statistically significant correlations was found between ANB angle and Wits Value 2. Statistically insignificant correlation was found between SNP plane angle and ANB and Wits Value suggesting that rotational change in this Palate with reference to SN plane has no impact on the sagital assessment parameters 3. Statistically significant correlations was found between

Orthodontic treatment need at de, Montmorency college of dentistry Lahore, using the aesthetic component of IOTN index

Although work has been done in Pakistan to determine the orthodontic treatment need of patients, but till now no study had been done to evaluate the orthodontic treatment need on aesthetic basis. Aesthetic Component [AC] of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need [IOTN] was used on a sample of 100 pretreatment study casts of the patients at de'Montmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore Pakistan, to evaluate the aesthetic need for orthodontic treatment. The data was statistically analyzed by SPSS [8.0]. Overall it was found that 41% of the cases needed definite orthodontic treatment. 37% of female patients and 52% of male patients needed definite orthodontic treatment. 41% of the patients were classified as being in need of moderate orthodontic treatment, with 18% having no orthodontic treatment need. Aesthetic Component grade 8 was shown by 26% of cases. Results of the study showed a high number of patients in need of the orthodontic treatment

Bolton analysis for different sagital problem and its corelation with dental parameters

The clinician should be familiar with discrepancies in tooth size at the initial diagnosis and treatment planning stages if excellence in orthodontic finishing is to be achieved. Bolton's method of diagnosing tooth size discrepancies by analyzing the mesiodistal tooth size ratio between the maxillary and mandibular teeth has been widely used in scientific studies since its publication. Aim of my study was to calculate Bolton Ratio and Anterior Bolton Ratio [1][,][2] for Different Skeletal Malocclusions i.e. Skeletal Class I, II and III. The study was also aimed at establishing correlation between Bolton's anterior and overall ratios and dental parameters i.e. upper and lower incisor inclinations and Arch length Discrepancy. The study was conducted on 60 subjects with mean age 18.43+4.21. Study models and lateral Cephalogram were taken for each subject. Patients were categorized in to Skeletal Class I,II and III. Bolton Analyses, Anterior Bolton Analyses, Arch length discrepancy for maxilla and mandible, UI-SN and IMPA were calculated and analyzed using SPSS version 13.It was concluded from the results that 1.Bolton Ratio though slightly different but was statistically insignificantly different in Skeletal Class I, II and II patients 2. Anterior Bolton Ratio though slightly different but was statistically insignificantly different in Skeletal Class I, II and II patients 3. Incidence of Anterior Bolton Ratio was more in Skeletal Class III cases than in Skeletal Class I and II 4. Statistically significant correlations between Arch length Discrepancy in Maxilla and intermaxillary tooth size discrepancies were determined. Therefore, an orthodontist should be aware of such discrepancies and their probable effects on occlusion and dental relations when solving the malocclusion jigsaw

Prevalence of deep bite in orthodontic patients

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the deep bite status of orthodontic patients. Sample consisted of 100 pre-treatment study casts of patients at the Orthodontics department de, Mantmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore. The data was statistically analyzed by SPSS [8.0]. Overall, it was found that 7% patients had open bite. 17% showed normal value of incisor over bite, while 76% patients showed varying values of deep bite. Out of these 76 patients [76%], 28% were male and 72% were female patients. As far as the distribution of these 76 patients in different categories of deep bite is concerned. Maximum number of patients; 92% of these were having mild to moderate degree of deep bite while only 8% showed full coverage of lower incisor crowns

Co-relation between Bolton ratio, anterior Bolton ratio and different vertical growth patterns

Bolton's method of diagnosing tooth size discrepancies has been widely used in scientific studies since its publication. Aim of this study was to calculate Bolton Ratio and Anterior Bolton Ratio[1, 2, 3] for patients with different Vertical Growth Patterns and establishing correlation between Bolton's anterior and overall ratios and vertical growth pattern assessment parameters. Study models and lateral Cephalogram were taken for 60 subjects selected on the basis of selection criteria and Bolton Ratio, Anterior Bolton Ratio, SNM, MMA, SNP, Y-axis, SOFA, Jaraback ratio and Facial Ratio were calculated and analyzed using SPSS version 10.Rresults concluded that 1. Bolton Ratio and Anterior Bolton Ratio though slightly different in Normal Angle, High Angle and Low Angle Cases but the difference was statistically insignificant and 2. Statistically insignificant correlation occurs between Bolton Ratio, Anterior Bolton Ratio and vertical growth pattern assessment parameters

Corelaton of corrected ANB angle with other sagital discrepancy indicators

Sagital skeletal discrepancy is being evaluated Cephalometrically by using various parameters; ANB angle and the Wit's value[1.2] being the most commonly used. ANB angle is affected by various environmental factors including SN-GoMe [vertical pattern of patient] and SNA angle [antero -posterior / vertical position of nasion and point A] and Wits value is dependent on the assessment and inclination of occlusal plane, thus are not considered reliable sagital discrepancy assessment indicator. Corrected ANB angle was calculated using the formula: ANB = Original ANB angle + 0.5 x [81.5° -SNA angle] + 0.25 x [32°- SN-GoMe angle] which is considered independent of the above mentioned variables. Aim of this study was to assess the reliability of Corrected ANB angle and establishment of its correlation with ANB angle and wits value. Study was conducted using lateral cephalograms of 100 subjects age ranged 18-30 yrs and it was concluded that 1. High correlations exist among the three parameters used to assess the sagital jaw discrepancy i.e. Corrected ANB angle, ANB angle and Wits Appraisal showing that these sagital parameters could be used interchangeably, 2. Coefficient of correlation [r] confirmed ANB angle dependence on SN-GoMe and SNA and wits unpredictability. 3. Coefficient of correlation [r] confirmed that corrected ANB angle is statistically insignificantly related to SN-GoMe and SNA angle, thus is a better assessor of sagital discrepancy assessment indicator

Effectiveness of an oral hygiene program for patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment

The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of an oral hygiene program for patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Main sample consisted of one hundred patients with an age range of 12-25 years, having a full complement of permanent dentition, reporting to the orthodontic department of the de, Montmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore. Community Periodontal Index was used to assess the periodontal status of these patients. From these 100 patients, 20 patients having good oral hygiene and in need of fixed orthodontic treatment were divided into experimental and control groups, and their periodontal status was assessed before and during fixed orthodontic treatment. Modified Bass toothbrushing technique and the relation between the fixed orthodontic appliances, plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation were explained to the experimental group. Data was analyzed by using SPSS [Version 8.0] in personal computer. Results showed although no significant differences were noted in the periodontal status of experimental and control groups, but as a group, control group patients showed more statistically significant deterioration of periodontal health as compared to the experimental group